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 \title{English grammar basics}
 

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\tableofcontents
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\label{ID_1723255651}\label{ID_657998396}\chapter{LE VERBE}
\label{ID_1884972151}\section{LES TEMPS}
\label{ID_1973182023}\subsection{L'action a lieu dans le PRÉSENT}
\label{ID_41182979}\subsubsection{et elle est en train
 de se dérouler}
\label{ID_726265592}\paragraph{Present continuous}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1470809094}\item I'm reading English grammar rules.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1893012521}\subsubsection{et elle se répète souvent
 (habitude, loi universelle, etc.)}
\label{ID_916877189}\paragraph{Present simple}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1514666500}\item I learn English at school.
I brush my teeth every night.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1662151090}\subsection{L'action commencée
dans le passé
continue au présent.
avec
indication de durée}
\label{ID_459031098}\subsubsection{Present perfect forme progressive}
\label{ID_380859343}\paragraph{They have been living in Singapore for twelve years.
Ils vivents à Singapour depuis douze ans.

He's been learning Japanese since 2012.
Il apprend le japonais depuis 2012.}
\label{ID_1386737625}\subsection{L'action a eu lieu dans le PASSÉ}
\label{ID_725320409}\subsubsection{Action terminée et datée
que la date soit précisée
ou seulement connue du locuteur}
\label{ID_1099557041}\paragraph{Preterite simple}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_28099688}\item I visited London two years ago.
J'ai visité Londres il y a deux ans.
\label{ID_749676702}\item We watched a goo movie last night.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1291520646}\subsubsection{mais on ne précise
 pas quand}
\label{ID_1053432622}\paragraph{Present perfect simple
HAVE/HAS + participe passé ED

mais certains verbes sont irréguliers
to break (casser)  I broke broken}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1944664555}\item We have learned a lot of new words.
\label{ID_1209574697}\item I've broken my leg.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1805831026}\subsection{L'action  dans le futur}
\label{ID_218396944}\subsubsection{Elle va avoir lieu}
\label{ID_773148449}\paragraph{TO BE GOING TO

I'm going to write my French paper.
Je vais écrire ma dissert.}
\label{ID_347892703}\subsubsection{Elle aura lieu}
\label{ID_1807955715}\paragraph{SHALL (en théorie pour 1ere personne du singulier et du pluriel.
En fait, ce sont d'autres nuances de sens ... Voir auxiliaires modaux SHALL)
 
WILL (2éme et 3ème personne du singulier et du pluriel)

'LL en pratique  partout


We'll go to Mauritius for Christmas.
Nous irons à Maurice pour Noël.

They will come with us.
Ils viendront avec nous.}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1043385778}\item Noter que WILL à la 1ère personne indique la ferme volonté de faire quelque chose.

I will do it. 
Je le ferai, je te le garantis !


SHALL  aux 2ème et 3ème personne donne un ton sollennel à la phrase.

You shall not kill your neighbor. 
Tu ne tueras point ton prochain.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1569066492}\section{Tableau récapitulatif
emploi et formes interrogative et négative}
\label{ID_1132085576}\section{Voix passive}
\label{ID_1126344431}\subsection{TO BE + participe passé}
\label{ID_338564140}\subsubsection{EXAMPLES
The car is washed by the children every Sunday.
La voiture est lavée par les enfants chaque dimanche.}
\label{ID_1708368162}\paragraph{futur}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1158358533}\item The car will be washed by the children next Sunday.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_769087581}\paragraph{présent}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1371696865}\item The car is washed by the children every Sunday.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1915634488}\paragraph{passé}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1853758006}\item The car was washed by the children last Sunday.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_411326835}\paragraph{autres}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1823784761}\item On dit que ..
\label{ID_1226075813}\item To give someone something
To show someone something
To send someone something
etc.
\label{ID_1055563537}\item verbes avec préposition
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1988826715}\item 
\label{ID_1374597198}\item 
\label{ID_691485368}\item 
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1878383557}\section{Auxiliaires modaux}
\label{ID_848126429}\subsection{Probabilité}
\label{ID_1985639845}\subsubsection{forte}
\label{ID_70923771}\paragraph{au présent}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1779831819}\item MUST
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1758490052}\item He must be a Russian.
Il y a de très fortes chances pour que ce soit un Russe.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1491880445}\paragraph{sur un fait  passé}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_319149968}\item MUST HAVE +participe passé
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1632695949}\item He must have missed his bus.
Il a dû manqué son bus.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1827604608}\subsubsection{moyenne}
\label{ID_1031494595}\paragraph{au présent}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1534206271}\item MAY
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_711713695}\item He may be Irish.
Il est peut-être irlandais.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1404531760}\paragraph{sur un fait passé}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_565896628}\item MAY HAVE + participe passé
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1748453926}\item He may have forgotten the password.
Il a peut-être oublié le mot de passe.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_217376261}\subsubsection{faible}
\label{ID_1882601604}\paragraph{au présent}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1936807912}\item MIGHT
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_665646691}\item He might be Russian.
Ça pourrait être un Russe, mais c'est peu probable.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_679539669}\paragraph{sur un fait  passé}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1487721597}\item MIGHT HAVE + participe pasé
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1521053187}\item He might have lost his way.

Il aurait pu se perdre.

ou

Il se pourrait qu'il se soit perdu.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_732007598}\subsection{Obligation}
\label{ID_253926882}\subsubsection{MUST (have to)}
\label{ID_307301528}\paragraph{passé}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1361468989}\item He had to call the police.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1808177442}\paragraph{présent}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1961918951}\item You must obey your parents.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_223929434}\paragraph{futur}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1453129182}\item You will have to get a passport to go to the USA
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_387173345}\subsection{Autorisation}
\label{ID_1626262131}\subsubsection{MAY}
\label{ID_1661481705}\paragraph{au présent}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1941098364}\item You may go.
Vous pouvez partir,
je vous en donne l'autorisaation.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1678109226}\paragraph{au passé}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_533694068}\item I was allowed to go.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1272525799}\paragraph{au futur}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1935720255}\item You will be allowed to go.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_152048136}\subsection{SHALL/SHOULD}
\label{ID_1105195395}\subsubsection{SHOULD}
\label{ID_870100970}\paragraph{}
\label{ID_611864125}\subsection{WILL/WOULD}
\label{ID_1592967161}\subsubsection{WILL}
\label{ID_1415985607}\paragraph{}
\label{ID_896308002}\subsubsection{WOULD}
\label{ID_177133379}\paragraph{}
\label{ID_483338875}\subsection{http://www.educastream.com/generalites-auxiliaires-modaux-b2}
\label{ID_1604467489}\chapter{LE NOM}
\label{ID_208907749}\section{ARTICLES}
\label{ID_1038045479}\subsection{indéfini (un, une)}
\label{ID_711300476}\subsubsection{}
\label{ID_1980411651}\subsection{défini (le la les)}
\label{ID_341673829}\subsubsection{}
\label{ID_121960062}\section{LA QUANTITÉ}
\label{ID_1904254549}\subsection{beaucoup}
\label{ID_1637150618}\subsubsection{+ singulier}
\label{ID_451883970}\paragraph{a lot
MUCH}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_869500448}\item I have much work to do.
I have a lot of work to do.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_602446437}\subsubsection{+ pluriel}
\label{ID_30956906}\paragraph{MANY
a lot}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_994037915}\item Many customers
beaucop de clients
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_784160743}\subsection{de, du, de la, des}
\label{ID_1733408402}\subsubsection{SOME}
\label{ID_1169644951}\paragraph{some milk
du lait

some coins
quelques pièces de monnaie}
\label{ID_854496608}\paragraph{Devient ANY dans un question ou une phrase négative.

Is there any bread left?
Reste-t-il du pain?

There isn't any bread left.
There is no bread left.
Il ne reste plus de pain.}
\label{ID_810932495}\subsection{quelques}
\label{ID_460652802}\subsubsection{+ pluriel}
\label{ID_1040496036}\paragraph{A FEW}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_645668519}\item a few books
quelques livres
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1535618170}\subsection{un peu de ..}
\label{ID_180798824}\subsubsection{+ singulier}
\label{ID_1907419189}\paragraph{A LITTLE}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1237489760}\item a little wine
un peu de vin
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_102246961}\subsection{peu de}
\label{ID_27750092}\subsubsection{+ singulier}
\label{ID_725741021}\paragraph{LITTLE}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_375652638}\item  little milk
 peu de lait
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1957565343}\subsubsection{+ pluriel}
\label{ID_1024302024}\paragraph{FEW}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1495522688}\item Few students know that.
Peu d'étudiants savent cela.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_33282888}\section{Pronoms personnels}
\label{ID_1361202416}\subsection{}
\label{ID_359877583}\subsection{}
\label{ID_1254102639}\section{CAS POSSESSIF}
\label{ID_1580700953}\subsection{John's car
nom du possesseur+ apostrophe+S

Le possesseur est théoriquement
une personne
ou un groupe de personne.}
\label{ID_1183801974}\subsubsection{possesseur au singulier}
\label{ID_1304014280}\paragraph{my mother's dress
la robe de ma mère}
\label{ID_631437786}\subsubsection{possesseur au pluriel}
\label{ID_1331708134}\paragraph{pluriel avec S}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1501788688}\item my parents' address
l'adresse de mes parents

Le "S" du pluriel régulier sert aussi pour le cas possessif
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_11463036}\paragraph{pluriel irrégulier}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1198504674}\item the children's toys

Le nom au pluriel irrégulier n'ayant pas de "S", on rajoute un "S" pour marquer le cas possessif.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1948369800}\chapter{LA PHRASE}
\label{ID_660400684}\section{Relatifs}
\label{ID_305184663}\subsection{A propos de THAT}
\label{ID_986909463}\subsubsection{Comprendre la différence entre

The children that had swallowed poison were sent to hospital, the others were sent home.
(Seulement) les enfants qui avaient avalé du poison furent envoyés à l'hopital.
On parle ici de surbordonnée DÉTERMINATIVE.
THAT limite le sens de l'antécédent à un élément ou un groupe bien déterminé.

The children, who had swallowed poison, were sent to hospital.
Les enfants (tous) , qui avaient avalé du poison, furent envoyés à l'hôpital.
Remarquer que la relative peut être mise entre virugles.}
\label{ID_1902481380}\paragraph{The demonstrators  that have been violent have been arrested.

The cars that were ten years or older were not repaired.

The children, who had been nice with their old aunt, were given some candy.}
\label{ID_1378024513}\subsection{L'antécédent est}
\label{ID_122774010}\subsubsection{une personne}
\label{ID_1503791789}\paragraph{qui est le sujet
du verbe de la relative}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1222172290}\item WHO
\label{ID_975063023}\item     THAT qui limite le sens de l'antécédent.
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1039478021}\item The old man, who was ill, was sent to hopital.
Le vieil homme, qui était malade, a été envoyé à l'hôpital.
\label{ID_600385835}\item The students that had written the best papers were allowed to leave.
LEs élèves qui avaient rédigés les meilleurs devoirs furent autorisés à partir.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_809788644}\paragraph{qui est le complément
 du verbe de la relative}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1713113067}\item WHOM
\label{ID_1692497748}\item THAT qui limite le sens de  l'antécédent
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_404440057}\item The man whom you're talking about is my father.
\label{ID_1487877732}\item The students that I  met before September  have been allowed to join our school.
The students   I  met before September  have been allowed to join our school.
LEs étudiants que j'ai rencontrés avant septembre ont été autorisés à rejoindre notre lycée.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1999107625}\subsubsection{une chose, un animal}
\label{ID_1069547293}\paragraph{WHICH (sujet ou complément)}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_1543988097}\item The car which has a red top is mine.

The car which I rented for the holidays was very comfortable.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_736001359}\paragraph{THAT (que l'on peut omettre quand il est complément)
limite ou précise le sens de l'antécédent.}
\begin{itemize}
\label{ID_814127639}\item The car that has a red top is mine.

The car that I drove yesterday was very comfortable.

The car I drove yesterday was very comfortable.
\end{itemize}
\label{ID_1725377170}\chapter{}
\label{ID_162628895}\section{}
\label{ID_169617695}\chapter{}
\label{ID_645327868}\section{}
\label{ID_437584377}\chapter{ADJECTIFS}
\label{ID_364498699}\chapter{Sur la toile}
\label{ID_538538748}\section{http://www.educastream.com/grammaire-anglaise-b2}

\end{document}